In the digital age, people face the challenge of ensuring reliable protection of their personal data. Internet users often connect to VPN tunnels to transmit information quickly and securely between network nodes. VPN tunneling technology allows you to encrypt the connection established between computers and a remote server or network. Properly configured VPN tunnels create a secure communication channel for users and company branches, enabling safe access to online services and corporate network resources.
What is a VPN tunnel
When users connect to a VPN, an encrypted tunnel is created that ensures data transmission between a computer and a VPN server. This tunnel protects personal data from being intercepted by malicious actors. Third parties are unable to view the internet traffic. A VPN tunnel helps maintain anonymity while using the internet and provides access to blocked websites and online services.
How a VPN Tunnel Works
When a user connects to a VPN, their device establishes a connection with a VPN server. Internet traffic is then redirected through this server, creating a tunnel between the user's device and the network. All data is thoroughly encrypted before being sent through the tunnel. The user’s IP address is replaced with the VPN server’s address, which helps conceal their identity and location. The traffic route is altered to pass through the secure server, bypassing potential threats and restrictions.
The main stages of VPN tunneling include:
- Encapsulation: The data sent by the user over the internet is encapsulated into a special packet.
- Encryption: All data transmitted between the user’s device and the server is encrypted using an algorithm and a key to prevent third-party interception.
- Transmission: The packet is sent through the tunnel to the VPN server.
- Decryption: The VPN server decrypts the data and forwards it to its final destination.
VPN tunnels remain active as long as the connection to the VPN server is maintained and the user is online. Sending data through a VPN does not automatically disconnect the tunnel.
Main VPN Protocols, Their Pros and Cons
VPN protocols provide secure connections between devices and servers, hide data from unauthorized parties, and prevent unauthorized access to information. They differ in encryption standards, authentication methods, speed, and connection reliability.
SSTP
SSTP is a VPN protocol designed to transmit data directly between routers without involving another network or host. It uses SSL/TLS for data encryption. SSTP establishes a network connection through port 443, allowing it to bypass most firewalls. This network protocol integrates well with other components of Microsoft operating systems. Users find it easy to configure and manage VPN connections. SSTP can also be used on devices running Linux, Mac OS, or BSD. The protocol uses TCP instead of UDP, which can slow down network performance, especially with high latency or packet loss. Additionally, SSTP has not undergone independent audits because developers do not have access to its source code.
PPTP
PPTP is a VPN protocol developed for creating virtual private networks but is now considered outdated due to weak security and vulnerabilities. It works reliably on most operating systems. PPTP is easy to configure depending on specific needs. It is suitable for streaming audio and video or for older computer hardware. However, for protecting sensitive information, it is recommended to use more modern protocols.
L2TP/IPsec
L2TP is one of the most popular VPN protocols, known for being fast and reliable. However, it cannot encrypt data on its own. This protocol pairs well with IPsec, which uses encryption algorithms. An IPSec VPN tunnel allows for creating a secure and confidential connection between two or more remote nodes over the internet. L2TP is suitable for connecting to corporate resources and transferring data between company offices. It can be slightly slower than other VPN protocols due to double data encapsulation. Using L2TP often increases the load on processors. This VPN protocol uses UDP port 500, which can be blocked by firewalls or routers.
Shadowsocks
Shadowsocks is an easy-to-use protocol with open-source code and data encryption. It bypasses blocks faster and more efficiently than protocols with more complex algorithms. This VPN protocol has not undergone official security audits. Although Shadowsocks can bypass DPI (Deep Packet Inspection), it is not always the best choice for those aiming to protect personal data.
OpenVPN
OpenVPN is an open VPN protocol that uses SSL/TLS to create a secure encrypted tunnel between a remote device and a VPN server. It is known for high security and flexible configuration options, making it popular among many beginner users. OpenVPN works on all major operating systems: Windows, macOS, Linux. This VPN protocol is resistant to blocking because it can operate on various ports. Its open-source code has been thoroughly reviewed by cybersecurity experts. Using OpenVPN may require installing third-party client software that is not included with the operating system. Although it provides good speed, some other VPN protocols like WireGuard can be faster.
WireGuard
WireGuard is a new VPN application designed to replace older, more complex protocols such as OpenVPN and IPSec. It uses modern cryptographic algorithms ChaCha20, Poly1305, and BLAKE2, which reliably protect personal data. WireGuard works on Linux, macOS, and Windows operating systems. The tunnels created by WireGuard VPN provide high data transfer speeds.
IKEv2
IKEv2 is a VPN protocol developed by Microsoft and Cisco. It is used together with IPSec to create a secure VPN tunnel and is distinguished by increased speed and connection stability. IKEv2 works faster than older protocols like L2TP and PPTP and is comparable to OpenVPN. It supports 256-bit encryption and uses modern cryptographic algorithms AES and Camellia, providing a high level of security. Some devices may not support IKEv2. Dynamic IP addresses may not be suitable for use with this VPN protocol.
Types of VPN Tunnels
There are several types of VPN tunnels, each with its own characteristics and advantages. Among them are:
- Site-to-Site VPN. A local network requires special configuration to allow VPN traffic. This type of VPN tunnel connects two or more local networks over the internet, creating a single secure space for data exchange between offices.
- Remote Access VPN. This allows users to connect to the corporate network from home or office. It is ideal for employees who work remotely or travel frequently.
There is also DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN). This technology enables the creation and management of secure connections between multiple network nodes over the internet. It does not require pre-configuration for each connection. Thanks to DMVPN, the load on central servers can be reduced.
Where VPN Tunnels Are Used
VPN tunnels are used both in everyday life and in various business sectors to ensure secure and encrypted connections between users and networks. Commercial companies use them to provide remote access to corporate resources and protect confidential information. In everyday life, VPN tunnels are used for streaming and securing public Wi-Fi networks. They also allow access to educational resources, libraries, and online courses offered by schools and universities.
Advantages and Disadvantages of VPN Tunnels
Creating a VPN tunnel opens up many opportunities for both regular users and businesses. The main advantages of VPN tunneling technology include:
- Privacy. VPN allows users to change their IP address and hide internet traffic. User activity on the global network becomes invisible to ISPs and hackers.
- Security. VPN tunnels encrypt all data transmitted over the internet, protecting it from interception and theft by malicious actors. They provide secure access to public Wi-Fi networks.
- Bypassing Restrictions. VPN enables access to gaming and educational platforms, streaming services, and social networks that may be blocked by regulatory authorities based on geographic location.
However, encrypting and rerouting traffic through VPN tunnels can lead to reduced internet connection speeds, especially when using free online services. They can complicate network infrastructure setup and management. VPN tunnels may fail due to unstable internet connections, incorrect configurations, or outdated software. Other programs or background services may also conflict with the VPN client.
How to Set Up a VPN Tunnel
Setting up a VPN tunnel doesn’t require much effort or time if you approach the process responsibly. It includes 5 main steps:
- Choosing the type of VPN tunnel and tunneling protocols. These are selected based on the goals or planned budget. For connecting two local networks, Site-to-Site VPN can be used, while Remote Access VPN is ideal for connecting users to a corporate network.
- Installing the client on the device. The VPN client needs to be installed on the computer or network equipment, which may run on Linux or Windows OS.
- Configuring the client device. The user must set up configuration files by specifying ports, keys, and protocols. All routes and DNS settings must be entered correctly and without errors.
- Opening ports on the router/firewall. It’s important to ensure that the necessary ports are open.
- Connecting and testing the connection. After installing and configuring the VPN client, the user should check the IP address and the stability of the internet connection. Accessing websites should be smooth and not result in a 403 Forbidden error.
VPN clients must be compatible with operating systems and devices. This ensures that the user can provide reliable and secure data transmission over the internet.
Recommendations for Everyday Use
To securely transmit data over the internet and avoid leaks, follow these recommendations:
- Regularly use a VPN when connecting to public Wi-Fi networks;
- Enable VPN when making financial transactions or working with documents online;
- Remember to update your VPN client regularly to prevent software failures;
- Prefer tunneling protocols that have undergone independent audits and are more resistant to cyber threats from hackers and attackers.
Some VPN services may not provide adequate data protection, making them vulnerable to hacking and data leaks. Try to avoid using such services for handling documents or files.